Author: Amarachi Evangel

  • NUPENG-DANGOTE FEUD: A REBUTTAL TO ANTI-LABOUR TIRADE

    NUPENG-DANGOTE FEUD: A REBUTTAL TO ANTI-LABOUR TIRADE

    By Bayo Adeleke

    There is no doubt that the current crisis between Dangote Refinery and NUPENG is a battle for the fragile soul of Nigeria, especially in the oil and gas sector.

    Many reports , opinions, and write-ups have been going on in the media.

    However, a recent recent diatribe report in one of the online platforms titled, ‘The Coming Death of NUPENG,’ is not journalism, rather it is a poorly constructed hit piece, a symphony of slander orchestrated by the very corporate interests seeking to strip Nigerian workers of their fundamental human rights.

    In the report, rather than address the substantive issue such as the brazen anti-union crusade at the Dangote Refinery, the writer chooses to vomit a litany of unsubstantiated allegations, recycled propaganda, and fictional accounting. All designed to deflect from the real crime; the systemic suppression of worker representation by Africa’s richest man.

    The union is actively defending workers’ rights, insisting that employees must be free to organise and collectively bargain without coercion or restriction. Why should this be a problem

    Let us be unequivocally clear. The core issue the writer so conveniently ignores is the inalienable right of every worker to freedom of association and collective bargaining.

    This is not a NUPENG invention. It is a cornerstone of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and a fundamental human right recognized globally.

    The Dangote Refinery’s refusal to allow unionization is a direct attack on this right, creating an environment where workers can be and have been arbitrarily sacked for merely seeking a collective voice. The writer’s silence on this tyranny speaks volumes about his true patrons.

    The article is a masterclass in deception. He parades disgraced, former union officials like Lucky Osesua, Humble Obinna, and Dayyabu Garga—individuals facing serious criminal charges, including attempted murder, for their violent attempts to hijack a branch of the union—as “reformers.”

    This information can be readily confirmed through the charge sheet records of the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Judicial Division, where the individuals in question are listed as defendants 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

    This is not a revelation of NUPENG’s flaws. Rather, it is a confession of the writer’s allegiance. These are the paid puppets of a conglomerate desperate to balkanize the workforce and impose a company-sponsored association, a classic union-busting tactic condemned by the ILO.

    The writer is not a voice for the drivers. Rather, he is a megaphone for a divide-and-rule strategy.
    The financial figures the writer and co concocts and bandy around are not just exaggerated; they are a fantasy, designed to incite public anger against the union instead of the real profiteers.

    His claim that NUPENG “slaps a tax” on every litre of fuel is arithmetical nonsense and a deliberate misrepresentation of logistics fees negotiated with stakeholders for union services

    Does the writer expect these vital services, advocacy, dispute resolution, welfare support, administration—to be run on charity? Unlike the opaque accounting of the corporations he defends, NUPENG operates within a structured framework. If the writer has evidence of financial malfeasance, let him present it to the authorities instead of hiding behind sensationalist journalism.

    For the records, there are numerous Trade Unions and Associations operating within the Petroleum depots, each with distinct roles and responsibilities toward their members.

    PTD-NUPENG commands significant influence and respect, an authority that, understandably, unsettles some people.

    For instance:
    1. PTD-NUPENG is a Trade Union whose members are employees of truck owners. These members pay union dues to NUPENG, and the funds collected are allocated to the following:
    • Quarterly safety training across all zones, conducted in collaboration with FRSC, Police, Fire Service, State VIO, and other traffic enforcement agencies. These trainings are essential and come at a considerable cost.
    • Health Insurance (HMO) coverage for tanker drivers. Since no employer provides health insurance for these drivers, who spend long hours transporting highly inflammable materials, NUPENG believes that a sick truck driver is an accident waiting to happen. To mitigate this risk, the Union partnered with Leadway Health Insurance to provide coverage for every petroleum tanker driver on the wheel.
    • Security funding for highways- The Union consistently mobilize security agencies to protect against truck hijackers, kidnappers, and criminal elements in certain communities. These services are not rendered for free.
    • Union dues – which support the administrative and operational functions of the union itself.

    2. The Association of Truck Owners also collects fees from its members, who are the actual owners of the trucks each time they load at the depots.

    3. Independent Marketers, represented by IPMAN, have employees who are also members of NUPENG. These employees pay union dues to NUPENG, while IPMAN members contribute dues to their own association.

    4. The Major Marketers Association similarly has employees who belong to NUPENG, alongside their own association members.

    The greatest insult, however, is the author’s pathetic portrayal of the tanker driver as a helpless victim of NUPENG. It is the exact opposite. Without NUPENG, the tanker driver is isolated, vulnerable, and at the mercy of multinational corporations and exploitative depot owners. It is NUPENG that fights for their safety on death-trap highways, it is NUPENG that negotiates their compensation, and it is NUPENG that gives them a collective power they would never have as individuals.

    The luxurious lifestyle author attributes to NUPENG leaders is a tired and desperate attempt to distract from the fact that it is profit driven capitalist like Dangote and his ilk who truly travel by private jet, built on the silent, un-unionized sweat of their employees.

    The threat to Nigeria’s economy does not come from a union fighting for its members’ rights. The threat comes from a corporate monopoly that believes its wealth places it above the law and beyond the rights of its workforce. The Dangote Refinery, a project of national importance, must not become a sweatshop where Nigerian labour rights go to die.

    NUPENG should not be intimidated by the various paid articles or the bullying tactics of a billionaire. Their mandate should be sacred to defend the Nigerian oil and gas worker. They should stand on the right side of history, on the side of human rights and dignity for labour which they were known for. The coming storm the write predicts is not for NUPENG, it is a gathering whirlwind of justice that will sweep away the anti-worker posture at Dangote and expose the hired pens who defend the indefensible.

    The truth and victory will surely emerge at the end.
    The struggle continues…

  • ICPC, Master Agent Show Unveil Nationwide Anti-Corruption Debate to Empower 50,000 Students

    ICPC, Master Agent Show Unveil Nationwide Anti-Corruption Debate to Empower 50,000 Students

    In a groundbreaking effort to combat corruption through education, the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), in partnership with Master Agent Show, has launched the Basic Education Anti-Corruption Debate (BEAD), a nationwide initiative that will engage more than 50,000 junior secondary school students across Nigeria.

    The program, unveiled in Abuja on Thursday, is designed to instill values of integrity, accountability, and transparency in young Nigerians by engaging them in structured debates on pressing civic and ethical issues. According to Osigbeme Enike, Managing Director of Master Agent Show, BEAD represents more than a competition.

    “BEAD is not just a debate series, but a movement,” Enike said. “By equipping students with the tools of critical thinking, civic responsibility, and public speaking, we aim to raise a generation that will resist corruption and drive sustainable progress in Nigeria.”

    Over 5,000 schools across Nigeria’s 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory are expected to participate, debating on themes such as “Citizens’ Character” and “Who Ends Corruption?” The debates will be broadcast on Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) FM stations, BE TV’s digital platforms, and other media outlets, potentially reaching an audience of more than 10 million listeners and over one million online viewers per episode.

    The ICPC, under the leadership of Chairman Musa Adamu Aliyu, SAN, has pledged technical support and oversight to ensure the program aligns with Nigeria’s broader anti-corruption strategies. Speaking on behalf of the Chairman, Mr. Okoh Odey, Deputy Director of Education at ICPC, emphasized the commission’s commitment to sustainability.

    He explained that beyond classroom debates, structures such as Vanguard Clubs and Community Development Service (CDS) groups will reinforce the lessons, while teachers and non-teaching staff will play an active role in guiding students. Monitoring and evaluation mechanisms will also ensure the program remains relevant and impactful.

    The initiative is further anchored by a Memorandum of Understanding between ICPC and Master Agent Show, which also supports complementary campaigns like the “5 Principles Against Corruption” Poster Campaign and the “Pillars of Anti-Corruption” Sponsorship Initiative.

    Ogakwu Dominic, Director of Marketing and Advertising, highlighted the role of investment and support in sustaining the project. “The time is now to catch our young ones early and expose them to activities that instill lifelong principles of integrity and accountability. We cannot leave them at the mercy of content with little or no value,” he stressed.

    For more information please kindly, visit the website link… http://bead.com.ng

  • Youth Key to AfCFTA Success, Africa’s Growth, Says Senator Umar

    Youth Key to AfCFTA Success, Africa’s Growth, Says Senator Umar

    Chairman of the Senate Committees on Trade and Investment, and Rules and Business, Senator Sadiq Suleiman Umar, has urged African youth to take the lead in driving the continent’s economic growth through trade, innovation and leadership under the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

    Speaking at the 2025 Africa and the Middle East Senate Association (AMESA) Summit hosted by Junior Chamber International (JCI) Nigeria Senate Association in Abuja, Umar said Africa’s youthful population is a critical asset that must be harnessed to unlock prosperity.

    “With over 60% of Africa’s 1.4 billion people under the age of 25, and by 2035 more people joining the workforce annually than the rest of the world combined, the AfCFTA is not just a policy document, it is a call to action,” he said.

    The senator lamented that intra-African trade remains only 15% of total trade, compared to 68% in Europe and 59% in Asia, but cited World Bank projections that AfCFTA could lift 30 million Africans out of poverty and raise incomes by $450 billion by 2035.

    Highlighting Nigeria’s leadership role, Umar said: “With a population of over 220 million, a vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystem, and abundant resources, Nigeria is strategically positioned to lead Africa’s economic transformation.” He also pointed to President Bola Tinubu’s reforms in the digital economy, infrastructure and trade facilitation.

    He called for stronger collaboration in agriculture, renewable energy, technology and infrastructure, stressing that trade should be seen as “the exchange of ideas, opportunities and hope.”

    Also speaking, AfDB Lead Economist for West Africa, Jacob Oduor, warned that Africa’s growing youth population could become a “ticking time bomb” if not empowered with jobs and skills.

    JCI Nigeria Senate Chairperson and AMESA 2025 host, Senator Dupe Ogunbiyi, emphasized that Africa’s challenge is not lack of policies but weak implementation, adding that leadership and partnerships remain crucial to driving change.

  • K1 De Ultimate Inspires Wasiu Haruna Ishola L1’s Upcoming Album Masterpiece

    K1 De Ultimate Inspires Wasiu Haruna Ishola L1’s Upcoming Album Masterpiece

    Fuji and Apala fans are in for a treat as contemporary Apala-Fuji star, Wasiu Haruna Ishola L1, prepares to release his highly anticipated double album, Masterpiece, in Lagos this November. Supported by Big Bodeyy Promotions, the launch is scheduled for the second week of the month.

    The album offers two distinct listening experiences — one side rooted in Fuji rhythms and the other in pure, original Apala music — giving audiences a fresh yet authentic take on indigenous Nigerian sounds.

    Popularly known as Lagunja 1, Wasiu Haruna Ishola is the son of late Apala legend Haruna Ishola Bello and brother to renowned musician Musiliu Babatunde Haruna Ishola. With Masterpiece, he both honours his lineage and recognises the influence of his mentor, Alhaji Wasiu Ayinde K1 De Ultimate, whose artistry helped shape his approach to music.

    “This album is both a tribute to tradition and a bold step into the future,” Lagunja 1 said. “It is dedicated to my late father and to my mentor, Alhaji Wasiu Ayinde K1 De Ultimate, while embracing digital innovation.”

    He stressed that Nigerian musicians must embrace global advancements to rejuvenate audience tastes:

    “We have to explore more, acquire new knowledge and take advantage of the ever-evolving digital world,” he added.

    With its seamless blend of heritage and modern artistry — and inspired by K1 De Ultimate’s groundbreaking style — Masterpiece is positioned to be one of the standout Nigerian music releases of the year.

  • WIELD-I to Protest Against NAFDAC Over Alleged Toxic Chemicals, Fake Drugs

    WIELD-I to Protest Against NAFDAC Over Alleged Toxic Chemicals, Fake Drugs

    Calls for Removal of Prof. Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye

    The Women’s Inclusion, Empowerment and Leadership Development Initiative (WIELD-I), in collaboration with allied civil society organizations, has announced plans for a peaceful protest at the National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) headquarters in Abuja on Thursday, September 26, 2025, and is calling for the immediate removal of the agency’s Director-General, Prof. Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye.

    In a statement signed by its Coordinator, Okeke Amarachi, and released to journalists on Friday, WIELD-I said the demonstration will begin at 10:00 a.m. and will focus on what it described as “alarming regulatory failures” within the agency.

    The group accused NAFDAC of allowing the infiltration of banned agrochemicals, particularly atrazine and paraquat, into Nigerian markets, exposing farmers, consumers, and the environment to severe risks. It further alleged that the circulation of fake and substandard drugs has reached “epidemic levels,” citing warnings from the Association of Community Pharmacists of Nigeria (ACPN) that over half of the medicines in circulation may be counterfeit.

    “These lapses amount to institutional negligence and compromise. Millions of Nigerians are at risk because NAFDAC has failed in its core mandate of safeguarding public health. We therefore demand the immediate removal of the Director General,” the statement read.

    The organizers stressed that the march will be peaceful and confirmed that the FCT Commissioner of Police has been officially notified to provide security and ensure order during the protest.

    Farmers, pharmacists, students, activists, and concerned citizens have been invited to participate in what the coalition described as “a historic stand for the right of Nigerians to safe food and medicines.”

  • CSGGG Hails Rivers Sole Administrator’s Leadership

    CSGGG Hails Rivers Sole Administrator’s Leadership

    • Says Peace Brokered, Trust Restored
    • …Lauds Transformative Governance, Credits Tinubu’s Foresight in Critical Appointment

    The Civil Society Groups for Good Governance (CSGGG) has commended the Sole Administrator of Rivers State, Vice Admiral Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, for what it describes as a “remarkable display of leadership, vision, and national commitment” that has restored peace and stability to the state.

    In a statement issued on Monday and signed by its President, Chief Ogakwu Dominic, the group praised Ibas decisive and inclusive leadership style, which it said helped defuse long-standing political tensions and rebuild public trust in the state’s governance structures.

    “Through his forthright vision and uncommon commitment, the Sole Administrator has successfully neutralized conflict situations, restored harmony across communities, and stabilized the political landscape of Rivers State,” the statement read.

    CSGGG particularly noted the peaceful and credible conduct of the recent local government elections, describing it as a milestone achievement that underscored the Administrator’s competence and statesmanship.

    “Despite widespread doubts, the elections were held in an atmosphere of calm, fairness, and inclusivity. This success brought together divergent political interests and fostered reconciliation among previously polarized factions,” Chief Dominic said.

    The group also lauded the Administrator’s continued service to the nation, even after his formal retirement, describing it as an act of rare patriotism and national sacrifice.

    “His unwavering dedication to national assignments, even after meritorious retirement from service, reflects true statesmanship and a selfless devotion to Nigeria’s unity and progress,” the statement added.

    CSGGG further commended President Bola Ahmed Tinubu for what it called a “strategic and visionary” appointment, made at a time when the state was grappling with political uncertainty.

    “At a time when decisive leadership was needed to calm the storm in Rivers State, the President acted wisely by appointing someone with the right credentials, experience, and political acumen,” Chief Dominic stated.

    He urged citizens and stakeholders in the state to rally behind the Administrator’s efforts and ensure that the hard-won peace is sustained through continued cooperation and dialogue.

    “Today, Rivers State is no longer a symbol of division, but a beacon of hope, unity, and governance done right,” the statement concluded.

  • Open Manhole Alert: Lagos Govt’s Swift Response Laudable, Says Coalition

    Open Manhole Alert: Lagos Govt’s Swift Response Laudable, Says Coalition

    The Coalition of Good Governance Promoters and Pan Africanism has commended the Lagos State Government for promptly repairing an open manhole along the Ikeja axis less than 24 hours after a citizen raised the alarm in a viral video.

    The intervention was prompted by broadcast journalist Deji Badmus, who set up a warning billboard over the open manhole last Saturday to draw attention to the danger.

    Olufemi Daramola, the Special Adviser to Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu on Infrastructure, confirmed on Sunday that relevant agencies were mobilized overnight to address the safety hazard.

    Reacting to the development in a press statement, the National Organiser of the Coalition, Ola Adarabioyo, on Monday in Lagos, commended the Sanwo-Olu-led administration for its prompt response to citizen concerns and for its mature handling of the issue regarding the manhole.

    The organization characterized Governor Sanwo-Olu as a listening leader with exceptional qualities that other leaders and aspiring politicians should emulate. They noted that his developmental efforts in the state are commendable, and his ability to respond quickly to citizens’ concerns is admirable.

    The group expressed full support for the Lagos State Government, emphasizing that it acts in the best interest of the populace and is committed to delivering good governance. They encouraged the youth to emulate Governor Sanwo-Olu’s leadership qualities and cautioned against the dangers of vandalizing public infrastructure, such as manhole covers.

    “First, we must commend Governor Babajide Sanwo-Olu and his dedicated team for swiftly responding to the concerns raised by a responsible citizen regarding the manhole in the Ikeja area.

    “While we applaud Deji Badmus’s civic action in highlighting this public danger, it is heartening to see the state respond so quickly once the issue was brought to their attention.

    “We commend the Lagos State Public Works Corporation, the drainage team, and the General Manager for their tireless efforts to ensure the manhole was repaired promptly.

    “It is also important to remind residents of the consequences of road vandalism and the misuse of public infrastructure. These manholes are usually covered when constructed, but may later be vandalized by individuals with malicious intent. Therefore, we urge the Lagos government to hold those responsible for such acts accountable.

    “We will continue to support Governor Sanwo-Olu’s administration as he has assured us of his commitment to respond promptly to the concerns of the people.

    “Additionally, politicians and other governors should learn from Governor Sanwo-Olu’s approach to this issue. Unlike others, he did not suggest that the call for repairs was politically motivated; he simply addressed the problem, serving as a lesson for others.

    “Sanwo-Olu stands as a mentor to young people, and his developmental strides in the state resonate with every resident and visitor in Lagos.” Adarabioyo said.

  • Design Her Future Vocational Hub Launches in Benin City to Empower Women and Girls Across Edo State

    Design Her Future Vocational Hub Launches in Benin City to Empower Women and Girls Across Edo State

    The *Design Her Future Vocational Hub* was officially launched today in Benin City, Edo State, marking a milestone for women’s empowerment and economic inclusion in Nigeria. The hub, founded and implemented by *Women Helping Women for a Sustainable Tomorrow Foundation (WHW)*, will serve as a transformative space where women and girls can access vocational training, mentorship, and opportunities to design sustainable futures for themselves and their communities.

    “At today’s opening of the Design Her Future Vocational Hub in Benin City, we are not just unveiling a facility—we are unlocking opportunities for women to design their own future. This hub is the result of powerful partnerships. With the leadership of the Edo State Ministry of Women Affairs, the Edo State Diaspora Agency, and the Edo State Government Board for Technical and Vocational Education, the vision and drive of WHW as the founding organization and implementing arm, the mentorship and community grounding of Victorious Living Fellowship, and the strategic guidance of Capital Pulse LLC, we have created a space where women can gain skills, confidence, and independence. When women thrive, families grow stronger, communities prosper, and our economy flourishes. Together, we are writing a new story for Edo State—one where no woman is left behind, and every dream has a chance to shine.” — Professor Elizabeth Pedro

    Partners in Impact

    The Design Her Future program is a collaborative effort bringing together diverse expertise:

    – Women Helping Women for a Sustainable Tomorrow Foundation (WHW): Founding organization and implementing arm of the initiative.

    – Edo State Ministry of Women Affairs: Providing policy alignment and support.

    – Edo State Diaspora Agency: Strengthening global-local linkages.

    – Edo State Government Board for Technical and Vocational Education: Ensuring accreditation and alignment with state education standards.

    – Victorious Living Fellowship: Offering mentorship, faith-based guidance, and community empowerment.

    – Capital Pulse LLC (USA): Providing strategic advisory, business development, and blended finance expertise.

     

     

  • Olumode’s Appointment: A Round Peg in a Round Hole — CWAI

    Olumode’s Appointment: A Round Peg in a Round Hole — CWAI

    The recent appointment of the Controller-General of the Federal Fire Service (FFS), CG Olumode Samuel Adeyemi by the President, Bola Ahmed Tinubu on the 14th August, 2025, is indeed a remarkable turnaround in the annals of the service and a change agent who is a welcome development.

    Since the inception of the Federal Fire Service, this is the first time such an appointment has been made, which is hailed by all and sundry, including well-meaning Nigerians who have watched the present CG grow from the ranks and file to the highest office in the service with a lot of work experience transcending various departments and courses from both within and outside the country.

    In a press release signed in Lagos by the Executive Secretary and Senior Research Fellow, Omoba Aigbegbele, it was stated that the appointment of CG Olumode has raised great expectations from Nigerians and in the diaspora, as it is seen by many to restore confidence, integrity, and credibility in an institution weakened by low morale and distrust.

    As the helmsman comes in with an experience of unblemished record and sound professional background coupled with competence and commitment to service delivery and a knack for excellence, his career history and trajectory have been serviced by discipline, hard work, and a passion to reposition and rebrand wherever he finds himself, which has rekindled the hopes and aspirations of not only Nigerians but officers and men who have worked with the new CG over time.

    The Chief Fire Officer carries a historic service burden to right the wrongs, enhance staff welfare, promote, mitigate fire disasters across the country, and is bound not to disappoint but to transform, reposition, and rebrand the office like never before seen and restore faith in the institution.

    According to the release, throughout his illustrious career, he has consistently demonstrated exceptional leadership, integrity, and good character, which had earned him the respect and admiration of his peers and the public to be able to reform and drive the paradigm shift from what it used to be to a global international standard that Nigerians can be proud of.

    The statement re-emphasized the new Controller-General’s tireless efforts in promoting transparency, accountability, and good governance, having shown exemplary leadership particularly with his previous schedules, roles, collaboration, and work-related partnership with NGOs, CBOs. Therefore, it is no surprise that he has risen to this enviable and esteemed position.

    The appointment of CG Olumode is a testament to his efforts and unwavering dedication to the Federal Fire Service. As he assumes the mantle of this office, Citizens Watch Advocacy Initiative (CWAI) and other civil society organizations have every confidence that he will continuously uphold the highest standards of professionalism, integrity, and service delivery.

    While CWAI looks forward to a tenure marked by unprecedented success and that the CG will continue to inspire and motivate his team and management to achieve greatness and a transformative philosophy which will lead to having a long-lasting impact in the service.

    CWAI therefore endorses and thanks Mr. President for the appointment of the new Chief Fire Officer for enhanced productivity henceforth, timely response to fire emergencies, including awareness, sensitization, and collaboration with sister agencies to achieve the set mandate of the service, improved fire policies, and rebuild public trust and stakeholders’ engagement in the institution like never before seen for the overall betterment of the country.

  • NUPENG threatens to withdraw services over alleged monopoly by Dangote Refinery  

    NUPENG threatens to withdraw services over alleged monopoly by Dangote Refinery  

    The Nigerian Union of Petroleum and Natural Gas Workers (NUPENG),which is the mother body of Petroleum and Tanker Drivers (PTD) , have described the decision by Dangote Refinery to deploy 10,000 CNG tankers for the movement of petroleum products around the country as monopoly of the Nigerian petroleum sector.

    They also, stated that the action is anti-labour and inimical to the survival and means of livelihood of members of PTD branch of NUPENG.

    The tanker drivers posited that drivers recruited by Dangote Refinery for the operations of the CNG tankers will not be allowed to join any trade union, saying Dangote Refinery’s action is an affront to the provisions of the 1999 constitution and the international labour laws.

    Some of the drivers who spoke with journalists and craved anonymity said the situation at hand, if not urgently and properly addressed by the Nigerian Midstream and Downstream Petroleum Regulatory Authority, may escalate and could pose a very serious threat on the Nigerian economy which in turn affect the livelihood of a good number of Nigerians.

    The tanker drivers listed the following as looming dangers associated with the move by Dangote Refinery: Majority of tanker owners who earn their livelihood will become jobless; Truck drivers, motor boy, wife and children who rely on this occupation will lose their source of income; Truck mechanics, painters, rewire, welder, tank fabricator will also lose their source of income; Dealers of tyres, batteries, spare parts and all other accessories will lose their businesses which will aNect their dependants; Depot representatives, artisans, food vendors will eventually lose their jobs; Transporters who have invested heavily in this sector through finance homes and banks will go into bankruptcy; As a result of this, millions of jobs will be lost, and this will lead to social insecurity, poverty and high rate of unemployment.